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How to determine which operating system is running?

Use System.Environment's OSVersion static (shared) property.
OperatingSystem os = Environment.OSVersion;
MessageBox.Show(os.Version.ToString());
MessageBox.Show(os.Platform.ToString());

How to get a file's extension from the complete path string?

Use System.IO.Path.GetExtension static method.

How to get a file's name from the complete path string?

Use System.IO.Path.GetFileName and System.IO.Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension static methods.

How to get the path for "My Documents" and other system folders?

Use the GetFolderPath method of the System.Environment  class to retrieve this information.
MessageBox.Show( Environment.GetFolderPath( Environment.SpecialFolder.Personal ) );


How to get the path to my running EXE?

The Application class has a static member ExecutablePath that has this information.
string appPath = Application.ExecutablePath;
string appPath = System.Reflection.Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly().Location